Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Astrocytes participate in all essential CNS functions, including blood flow regulation, energy metabolism, ion and water homeostasis, immune defence, neurotransmission, and adult neurogenesis. It is thus not surprising that astrocytic morphology and function differ between regions, and that different subclasses of astrocytes exist within the same brain region. Recent lines of work also show that the complexity of protoplasmic astrocytes increases during evolution. Human astrocytes are structurally more complex, larger, and propagate calcium signals significantly faster than rodent astrocytes. In this chapter, we review the diversity of astrocytic form and function, while considering the markedly expanded roles of astrocytes with phylogenetic evolution. We also define major challenges for the future, which include determining how astrocytic functions are locally specified, defining the molecular controls upon astrocytic fate and physiology and establishing how evolutionary changes in astrocytes contribute to higher cognitive functions.
منابع مشابه
An Immunohistochemical Study of Cyclin D1 Expression in Astrocytic Tumors and its Correlation with Tumor Grade
Background & Objective: Glioblastoma-multiforme is the high grade form of astrocytic tumors with a short survival time, which are the most common type of brain tumors. Therefore, finding new therapeutic options is essential. Cyclin D1 is expressed in some human malignancies and can be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. The aim of the present study was to determine...
متن کاملMethod of Green’s Function for Characterization of SH Waves in Porous-Piezo Composite Structure with a Point Source
An approach of Green’s function is adopted to solve the inhomogeneous linear differential equations representing wave equations in piezo-composite materials. In particular, transference of horizontally polarised shear (SH) waves is considered in bedded structure comprising of porous-piezo electric layer lying over a heterogeneous half-space. Propagation of SH-waves is considered to be influence...
متن کاملTransference of SH-Waves in Fluid Saturated Porous Medium Sandwiched Between Heterogeneous Half-Spaces
A mathematical model is considered to investigate the behavior of horizontally polarized shear waves (SH-waves) in fluid saturated porous medium sandwiched between heterogeneous half-spaces. Heterogeneity in the upper half-space is due to linear variation of elastic parameters, whereas quadratic variation has been considered for lower half-space. The method of separation of variables and Whitta...
متن کاملMolecular genetic analysis of p53 intratumoral heterogeneity in human astrocytic brain tumors.
We investigated genetic heterogeneity of astrocytic gliomas using p53 gene mutations as a marker. Different parts of morphologically heterogeneous astrocytic gliomas were microdissected, and direct DNA sequencing of p53 gene exons 5 through 8 was performed. Thirty-five glioma samples and tumor-adjacent normal-appearing brain tissue from 11 patients were analyzed. Sixteen different p53 gene muta...
متن کاملInfluence of Heterogeneity on Rayleigh Wave Propagation in an Incompressible Medium Bonded Between Two Half-Spaces
The present investigation deals with the propagation of Rayleigh wave in an incompressible medium bonded between two half-spaces. Variation in elastic parameters of the layer is taken linear form. The solution for layer and half-space are obtained analytically. Frequency equation for Rayleigh waves has been obtained. It is observed that the heterogeneity and width of the incompressible medium h...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Methods in molecular biology
دوره 814 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2012